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Playing Games with Artificial Intelligence
For
International Association for the Philosophy of Sport,
September, Czech Republic, Sept 15-18, 2005
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This
paper seeks to elucidate weaknesses within the philosophy
of artificial intelligence (AI) in an attempt to work towards
a more holistic understanding about what kind of knowledge
satisfies the conditions of intelligence. In so doing, the
paper utilizes Suits’s notion of gaming playing as a basis
for re-defining the criterion of intelligence to which AI
is evaluated. The paper begins by articulating the development
of AI research, clarifying the implications of the work
of Turing (1950) and Searle (1980). From here, a background
is given to the development of artificial life (AL), and
the notion of game-playing is introduced as a construct
for revealing intelligence capabilities. The game of chess
is recognised as having been paradigmatic in AI as a measure
of machines against humans, with IBM’s Deep Blue being the
critical machine to provoke a sense of machines surpassing
humans. When Deep Blue beat the Grand Master chess player
Garry Kasparov in 1997, questions arose as to whether machines
have become too capable. In response, the paper rejects
chess-playing as a sufficient indication of intelligence
in the strong sense and argues that other kinds of games
serve as a greater challenge and a more accurate reflection
of human intelligence. From this, Bernard Suits’s classic
philosophy text, The Grasshopper, is used to elaborate on
what it entails to play a game. The Deep Blue Grasshopper
is described as a game-playing AI machine, which responds
to a broader notion of game-playing. This notion encompasses
the possibility for creativity, spontaneity, and arbitrary
choices that lead to successful strategic option. As such,
the definition provides a more comprehensive outline of
intelligence, which avoids the criticism of speciesism.
The paper concludes with a critique of the possibility of
there non-linear intelligence that would sustain the main
thesis of the paper. References Searle, J. (1980). "Minds,
Brains, and Programs." Behavioural and Brain Sciences 3(3):
417-458. Suits, B. (1978). The Grasshopper: Games, Life,
and Utopia. Toronto, University of Toronto. Turing, A. (1950).
"Computing Machinery and Intelligence." Mind: A Quarterly
Journal of Psychology and Philosophy LIX(236, October).
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art&design // bioethics // china // cyberculture // ethics // law // medicine // olympics // outer space // politics // public engagement with science // science // sport // technology

Miah, A. (2008, Oct) 17 Days in Beiing, Centre for Olympic Studies, Barcelona.
Miah, A. (2008, Aug 3) Enhance Athletes: It's Only Natural, Washington Post.
Miah, A. (2008, July 31) Inside the Mind of a Marathon man, Nature, 454, 583-4.
Miah, A. (2008) Paralympics 2.0, Bioethics Forum, The Hastings Center.
Miah, A. (2008) Letter to Utopia: A Reply to Bostrom, Studies in Ethics, Law and Technology, 2(1).
Miah, A. (2008) Engineering Greater Resilience or Radical Transhuman Enhancement, Studies in Ethics, Law and Technology, 2(1).

Liverpool, UK i (30 Oct, 2008)
Book launch: Human Futures, and BBC Radio 3 Free Thinking Festival.
London, UK i (14 Oct, 2008)
BioCentre 2008 series: "People Power for the Third Millennium: Technology, Democracy and Human Rights, Symposoium on "Arts and Technology: the role of the arts in democratic policy making".
Glasgow, Scotland i (30 Sept, 2008)
Our Cultural & Moral Commitment to Discover, Create, and Support New Life Forms, for LESS REMOTE: The Futures of Space Exploration: an Arts & Humanities Symposium, International Astronautical Congress, SEC, Glasgow, Scotland [abstract]
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Miah, A. (2008) Human Futures: Art in an Age of Uncertainty, FACT & Liverpool University Press.
Miah, A. (2008) Justifying Human Enhancement: The Accumulation of Biocultural Capital. In: Wint, S. Ethical Futures. The Royal Society for the Encouragement of the Arts (RSA), London.
Miah, A. (2008) Playing Games with Artificial Intelligence. Hale, B. (Ed) Philosophy Looks at Chess . Open Court Press.
Miah, A. (2008). Posthumanism: A Critical History. In Gordijn, B. & Chadwick, R. 'Medical Enhancements and Posthumanity. Springer.
Miah, A. (2008) 'Blessed are the Forgetful': The Ethics of Memory Modification in Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind. In Shapshay, S. (Ed) Bioethics Through Film, Johns Hopkins University Press.
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Stein, D.J. (2008) Philosophy of Psychopharmacology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p.118.
More, P. (2008) Enhancing Me: The Hope and the Hype of Human Enhancement. John Wiley & Sons, p.249.
Christian Lenk, Nils Hoppe & Roberto Andorno (2007) Ethics and Law of Intellectual Property: Current Problems in Politics, Science and Technology (Applied Legal Philosophy), Ashgate, p.84.
Zwart, N. H. (2007). "Genomics and self-knowledge: implications for societal research and debate." New Genetics and Society 26(2): 181-202.
Mitchell, C. B., E. D. Pellegrino, et al. (2007). Biotechnology and the Human Good. Washington, DC., Georgetown University Press.
Peters, H. P., J. T. Lang, et al. (2007). "Culture and Technological Innovation: Impact of Institutional Trust and Appreciation of Nature on Attitudes towards Food Biotechnology in the USA and Germany." International Journal of Public Opinion Research 19(2): 191-220.
House of Commons Select Committee, Science And Technology (2007) Report on Human Enhancement Technologies in Sport.
Koolstra CM, Bos MJW, Vermeulen IE. Through which medium should science information professionals communicate with the public: television or the internet? Journal of Science Communication 2006;5(3):1-8.

Oct, 2008
The Independent, Visionaries feature
Aug, 2008
ITN News,
The Telegraph,
Evening Standard,
Washington Post,
May, 2008
The technological enhancement of man, Danish Broadcasting Corporation
April, 2008
Evening Standard
Beijing 2008 Olympics and Protest
March, 2008
The Sports Factor, ABC Radio, Blogging at the Beijing Olympics
Feb, 2008
ESPN Magazine.
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London, UK i (14 Oct, 2008)
BioCentre 2008 series: "People Power for the Third Millennium: Technology, Democracy and Human Rights, Symposoium on "Arts and Technology: the role of the arts in democratic policy making". |
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Glasgow, Scotland i (30 Sept, 2008)
Our Cultural & Moral Commitment to Discover, Create, and Support New Life Forms, for LESS REMOTE: The Futures of Space Exploration: an Arts & Humanities Symposium, International Astronautical Congress, SEC, Glasgow, Scotland [abstract] |
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Oxford, Scotland i (29 Sept, 2008)
Workshop on Innovative Media for the Digital Economy, Oxford E-Research Centre, Oxford University |
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Beijing, China c (5 Aug, 2008)
Chair and Speaker for panel symposium on Emergent Journalistic Cultures at the Olympics [outline] |
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Olympia, Greece i (20 July, 2008)
Supervising Professor, International Olympic Acadmy 16th Postgraduate Seminar [Lecture Outlines]. |
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Leeds, UK c (16 July, 2008)
Ambush Media: Journalistic Freedom & Media Politics at the Beijing Olympics, Olympic Politics and Protest, Leeds Metropolitan University [abstract]. |
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London, UK ia (4 July, 2008)
Research Cluster on Innovative Media for a Digital Economy: Health Industries Workshop, British Medical Association House. |
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Liverpool, UK i (July, 2008)
Keynote, Body & Economy, London 2012 Cultural Olympiad, FACT. |
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Chicago , USA ia (Jun, 2008)
2016 Olympic Bid conference, the contribution of the arts. |
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